Ngokwendlela yokulungiselela amamodeli wamathuluzi omshini, amathuluzi omshini ahlukaniswe izigaba eziyi-11: izinsimbi, imishini yokumba, imishini ebhokayo, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokucubungula amagiya, imishini yokulutha, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokufaka ipulani, imishini yokugaya, imishini yokusaha nokunye. amathuluzi omshini.Ohlotsheni ngalunye lwethuluzi lomshini, lihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amaningana ngokuya ngebanga lenqubo, uhlobo lwesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwesakhiwo, futhi iqembu ngalinye lihlukaniswe ngochungechunge oluningana.Namuhla, umhleli uzokhuluma nawe mayelana nezindaba zomlando zamalathe, imishini eyisicefe nemishini yokugaya.
1. Lathi
I-lathe iyithuluzi lomshini elisebenzisa kakhulu ithuluzi elijikayo ukuze liphendule ucezu lomsebenzi oluzungezayo.Emshinini wokuzibhoboza, ama-reamer, ama-reamer, ompompi, ama-dies namathuluzi okugoqa nawo angasetshenziselwa ukucubungula okuhambisanayo.Ama-lathes asetshenziswa kakhulu ekwenzeni ama-shafts, ama-disc, imikhono nezinye izinto zokusebenza ezinendawo ejikelezayo, futhi ziwuhlobo olusetshenziswa kakhulu lwamathuluzi emishini ezitolo zokukhiqiza nokulungisa imishini.
1. “I-bow lathe” yama-pulleys asendulo nezinduku zomnsalo.Kusukela eGibhithe lasendulo, abantu baye basungula ubuchwepheshe bokuguqula ukhuni ngethuluzi ngenkathi beluzungeza eksisi yalo emaphakathi.Ekuqaleni, abantu basebenzisa izingodo ezimbili ezimile njengezisekelo ukuze bamise ukhuni oluzophendulwa, basebenzise amandla okunwebeka amagatsha ukugingqa intambo okhunini, badonse intambo ngesandla noma ngonyawo ukuze baphendule izinkuni, futhi babambe ummese ukuze ukusika.
Le ndlela yasendulo iye yashintsha kancane kancane futhi yathuthuka yaba ukuphenduka okubili noma okuthathu kwentambo ku-pulley, intambo isekelwa phezu kwenduku enwebekayo egotshwe ibe yisimo somnsalo, futhi umnsalo uyasunduzwa futhi udonswe emuva naphambili ukuze uzunge into ecutshunguliwe. ukuphenduka, okuyi-“bow lathe”.
2. I-Medieval crankshaft ne-flywheel drive “pedal lathe”.NgeNkathi Ephakathi, othile waklama “i-pedal lathe” eyayisebenzisa i-pedal ukuze ijikelezise i-crankshaft futhi ishayele i-flywheel, bese iyishayela ku-shaft eyinhloko ukuze ijikelezise.Maphakathi nekhulu le-16, umklami ongumFulentshi ogama lakhe linguBesson waklama i-lathe yokuphendula ngezikulufo ngenduku yesikulufu ukuze enze ithuluzi lishelele.Ngeshwa, le lathe ayizange idume.
3. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, amabhokisi aseceleni kombhede nama-chucks azalwa.Ngekhulu le-18, omunye umuntu waklama ilathe esebenzisa incibililo yonyawo kanye nenduku yokuxhuma ukuze izungezisa u-crankshaft, engagcina amandla e-kinetic ajikelezayo ku-flywheel, futhi ithuthukiswe isuka ekuzungeziseleni ucezu lokusebenza ngokuqondile kuya esihlokweni esizungezayo, okuyi- I-chuck yokubamba i-workpiece.
4. Ngo-1797, indoda eyiNgisi uMaudsley yasungula i-epoch-making tool post lathe, enesikulufu sokuhola esinembayo namagiya ashintshashintshayo.
UMaudsley wazalwa ngo-1771, futhi eneminyaka engu-18, wayeyindoda engakwesokudla yomsunguli uBrammer.Kuthiwa uBrammer ubelokhu engumlimi, kwathi lapho eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, kwenzeka ingozi eyabangela ukukhubazeka eqakaleni langakwesokudla, ngakho kwadingeka ashintshele ekwenzeni izinkuni, okwakunganyakazi kakhulu.Ukwakhiwa kwakhe kokuqala kwakuyindlu yangasese eshaywayo ngo-1778. UMaudsley waqala ukusiza u-Brahmer ukuklama imishini yokunyathelisa esebenza ngamanzi kanye neminye imishini waze washiya u-Brahmer eneminyaka engu-26, ngenxa yokuthi u-Brahmer wasenqaba kabi isiphakamiso sika-Moritz sokucela ukukhushulwa kwamaholo ngaphezu kwamasheleni angama-30 ngesonto.
Ngawo lowo nyaka u-Maudsley ashiya ngawo u-Brammer, wakha i-lathe yakhe yokuqala yentambo, i-all-metal lathe enesibambi samathuluzi ne-tailstock ekwazi ukuhamba ngojantshi ababili abahambisanayo.Indawo ewumhlahlandlela yesitimela esiwumhlahlandlela inonxantathu, futhi lapho isikhonkwane sokuphotha siphenduka, isikulufu sokuhola siyashayelwa ukuze sihambise isibambi samathuluzi sibheke eceleni.Lona umshini oyinhloko wama-lathes anamuhla, okungashintshwa ngawo izikulufu zensimbi ezinembayo zanoma iyiphi iphimbo.
Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, u-Maudsley wakha i-lathe ephelele endaweni yakhe yokusebenzela, enamagiya ashintshashintshayo ashintsha izinga lokuphakelayo kanye nephimbo lezintambo ezakhiwayo.Ngo-1817, enye indoda eyiNgisi, uRoberts, yamukela umshini wokwenza umshini wokuphusha onezigaba ezine kanye namasondo angemuva ukuze ishintshe ijubane lokuphotha.Ngokushesha, kwethulwa ama-lathe amakhulu, okwaba nesandla ekusungulweni kwenjini yesitimu neminye imishini.
5. Ukuzalwa kwama-lathe ahlukahlukene akhethekile Ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lemishini nokushintshashintsha, i-Fitch yase-United States yasungula i-turret lathe ngo-1845;ngo-1848, kwavela intambo yamasondo e-United States;ngo-1873, uSpencer e-United States wenza umshini owodwa we-Automatic lathes, futhi ngokushesha wenza ama-athomathiki ama-axis amathathu;ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 kwavela ama-lathe anamagiya ahanjiswa ngamamotho ahlukene.Ngenxa yokusungulwa kwensimbi yamathuluzi esivinini esikhulu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinjini zikagesi, ama-lathe aye athuthukiswa ngokuqhubekayo futhi ekugcineni afinyelela ezingeni lesimanje lejubane eliphezulu nokunemba okuphezulu.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, ngenxa yezidingo zezimboni zezikhali, zezimoto nezinye zemishini, amalatha ahlukahlukene asebenza kahle kakhulu asebenza ngokuzenzakalelayo kanye namalebula akhethekile athuthukiswa ngokushesha.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhiqizwa kwama-batches amancane ama-workpieces, ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940, ama-lathes anamadivayisi wephrofayela we-hydraulic akhuthazwa, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ama-lathes amathuluzi amaningi nawo athuthukiswa.Maphakathi nawo-1950, kwasungulwa amalebula alawulwa uhlelo anamakhadi e-punch, amapuleti e-latch kanye nokudayela.Ubuchwepheshe be-CNC baqala ukusetshenziswa kuma-lathe ngawo-1960 futhi bathuthuka ngokushesha ngemva kweminyaka yawo-1970.
6. Ama-Lathes ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa kwawo kanye nemisebenzi.
I-lathe evamile inohlu olubanzi lwezinto ezicutshungulwayo, futhi ububanzi bokulungiswa kwejubane lokuphotha nokuphakelayo bukhulu, futhi ingakwazi ukucubungula indawo yangaphakathi nangaphandle, ubuso bokuphela kanye nezintambo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle ze-workpiece.Lolu hlobo lwe-lathe lusetshenziswa kakhulu ngesandla ngabasebenzi, ngokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphansi, futhi lufanelekela ucezu olulodwa, ukukhiqizwa kweqoqo elincane kanye nezinkundla zokusebenzela zokulungisa.
Ama-Turret lathes nama-rotary lathe ane-turret tool rest noma i-rotary tool rest engabamba amathuluzi amaningi, futhi abasebenzi bangasebenzisa amathuluzi ahlukene ukuze baqedele izinqubo ezihlukahlukene ekubambeni okukodwa kwendawo yokusebenza, elungele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
I-lathe ezenzakalelayo ingakwazi ukuqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo ukucutshungulwa kwezinqubo eziningi zezinto zokusebenza ezincane neziphakathi ngokohlelo oluthile, ingalayisha ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ikhiphe izinto zokwakha, futhi icubungule iqoqo lezinto zokusebenza ezifanayo ngokuphindaphindiwe, ezifanele ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi.
Ama-lathes e-semi-automatic enamathuluzi amaningi ahlukaniswe abe i-single-eksisi, i-multi-eksisi, evundlile futhi mpo.Isakhiwo sohlobo oluvundlile lwe-axis eyodwa lufana nele-lathe evamile, kodwa amasethi amabili okuphumula amathuluzi afakwe ngaphambili nangemuva noma phezulu naphansi kwe-shaft eyinhloko, ngokulandelanayo, futhi asetshenziselwa ukucubungula ama-disc, izindandatho nama-workpieces e-shaft, futhi ukukhiqiza kwawo kuphakeme izikhathi ezi-3 kuya kwezi-5 kunalezo zama-lathes ajwayelekile.
I-lathe yokwenza iphrofayela ingaqedela ngokuzenzakalelayo umjikelezo womshini womsebenzi ngokulingisa umumo nosayizi wesifanekiso noma isampula.Ilungele ukukhiqizwa kwe-batch encane kanye ne-batch yama-workpiece anobunjwa obuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukukhiqiza kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-10 kuya kwezingu-15 kunezinsimbi ezivamile.Kukhona isibambi samathuluzi amaningi, i-multi-eksisi, uhlobo lwe-chuck, uhlobo olume mpo nezinye izinhlobo.
I-spindle ye-lathe eqondile i-perpendicular endizeni evundlile, umsebenzi wokusebenza uboshelwe etafuleni elijikelezayo elivundlile, futhi ithuluzi elisele lihamba phezu kohlaka noma ikholomu.Ilungele ukucubungula ama-workpieces amakhulu, asindayo okunzima ukuwafaka kuma-lathes ajwayelekile.Ngokuvamile, ahlukaniswe abe izigaba ezimbili: ikholomu eyodwa kanye nekholomu ekabili.
Ngenkathi i-lathe yezinyo lefosholo iphenduka, isibambi sethuluzi sibuyela emuva ngasohlangothini lwe-radial, esetshenziselwa ukwakha izindawo zamazinyo zabasiki be-forklift milling, abasiki be-hob, njll. Ngokujwayelekile ngokunamathiselwe kokugaya okukhululekayo, isondo elincane lokugaya eliqhutshwa ngomunye ohlukile. motor kagesi akhulula ebusweni izinyo.
Amalebula ayisipesheli amalebula asetshenziselwa umshini indawo ethile yezinhlobo ezithile zezinto zokusebenza, njengamaleyile e-crankshaft, ama-camshaft lathe, amasondo amasondo, ama-axle lathe, ama-roll lathe, nama-ingot lathe.
I-lathe ehlanganisiwe isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukuguqula ukucubungula, kodwa ngemva kokwengeza izingxenye ezithile ezikhethekile nezesekeli, ingakwazi futhi ukwenza isidina, ukugaya, ukubhoboza, ukufaka, ukugaya nokunye ukucubungula.Inezici "zomshini owodwa onemisebenzi eminingi" futhi ifanele izimoto zobunjiniyela, imikhumbi noma umsebenzi wokulungisa amaselula esiteshini sokulungisa.
2. Umshini oyisicefe
Nakuba imboni yeshabhu yokusebenzela isalele emuva, isiqeqeshe futhi yakhiqiza izingcweti eziningi.Nakuba bengebona ochwepheshe ekwenzeni imishini, bangenza zonke izinhlobo zamathuluzi ezandla, njengemimese, amasaha, Izinaliti, izimbobo, izigaxa, izigayo, imikhono, imikhono, amagiya, amafreyimu emibhede, njll., empeleni imishini iyahlanganiswa. kusukela kulezi zingxenye.
1. Umklami wakuqala womshini oyisicefe - umshini oyisicefe we-Da Vinci waziwa ngokuthi "Umama Wemishini".Uma sikhuluma ngemishini eyisicefe, kufanele sikhulume ngoLeonardo da Vinci kuqala.Lo mfanekiso odumile kungenzeka ukuthi wayengumklami wemishini yokuqala eyisicefe yokwenza insimbi.Umshini oyisicefe awuklama unikwe amandla yi-hydraulic noma i-foot pedal, ithuluzi eliyisicefe lizungeza eduze nendawo yokusebenza, futhi i-workpiece igxilwe etafuleni elihambayo eliqhutshwa u-crane.Ngo-1540, omunye umdwebi wapenda isithombe "Pyrotechnics" ngomdwebo ofanayo womshini oyisicefe, owawusetshenziselwa ukuqedela ukudweba okungenalutho ngaleso sikhathi.
2. Umshini wokuqala oyisicefe ozalelwe ukucutshungulwa kwemiphongolo yenganono (Wilkinson, 1775).Ngekhulu le-17, ngenxa yezidingo zempi, ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwezinganono kwakushesha kakhulu, futhi indlela yokwenza umgqomo wenganono ibe yinkinga enkulu abantu ababedinga ukuyixazulula ngokushesha.
Umshini wokuqala weqiniso oyisicefe emhlabeni wasungulwa ngu-Wilkinson ngo-1775. Eqinisweni, umshini ka-Wilkinson oyisicefe, uma sikhuluma nje, uwumshini wokubhoboza okwazi ukukhanda iziqhumane, umugqa oyisilinda oyisilinda ogxunyekwe kumabhereyidi emikhawulweni yomibili.
Wazalelwa eMelika ngo-1728, uWilkinson wathuthela e-Staffordshire eneminyaka engu-20 ukuze akhe isithando somlilo sokuqala sensimbi sikaBilston.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, uWilkinson wabizwa ngokuthi “Ingcweti Yezinsimbi zaseStaffordshire”.Ngo-1775, eneminyaka engu-47 ubudala, uWilkinson wasebenza kanzima efektri kayise ukuze enze lo mshini omusha owawukwazi ukubhoboza imiphongolo yenganono ngendlela engavamile.Ngokuthakazelisayo, ngemva kokufa kukaWilkinson ngo-1808, wangcwatshwa ebhokisini lensimbi eliwumklamo wakhe.
3. Umshini oyisicefe wenze umnikelo obalulekile enjinini ye-Watt.Igagasi lokuqala le-Industrial Revolution lalingeke libe khona ngaphandle kwenjini yesitimu.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kusetshenziswe injini ye-steam ngokwayo, ngaphezu kwamathuba omphakathi adingekayo, ezinye izimfuneko zobuchwepheshe azikwazi ukushaywa indiva, ngoba ukukhiqiza izingxenye zenjini ye-steam akulula njengokusika izinkuni ngumbazi.Kuyadingeka ukwenza ezinye izingxenye zensimbi ezikhethekile zibumbe, futhi izidingo zokunemba kokucubungula ziphakeme, ezingenakufinyelelwa ngaphandle kwemishini yobuchwepheshe ehambisanayo.Isibonelo, ekukhiqizeni isilinda kanye nepiston yenjini ye-steam, ukunemba kobubanzi obungaphandle obudingekayo ekukhiqizeni i-piston kungasikwa ngaphandle ngenkathi kulinganiswa usayizi, kodwa ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokunemba zangaphakathi. ububanzi besilinda, akulula ukusebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile zokucubungula..
USmithton wayengumakhenikha omuhle kakhulu wekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili.USmithton waklama izingcezu ezingafinyelela kwezingu-43 zamanzi nemishini yomshini womshini womoya.Uma kuziwa ekwenzeni injini yesitimu, into eyayinzima kakhulu kuSmithon kwakuwukwenza isilinda.Kunzima impela ukufaka isiyingi esikhulu esingaphakathi esiyindilinga.Kuze kube manje, uSmithton wenze ithuluzi lomshini elikhethekile lokusika izindilinga zangaphakathi zesilinda eCullen Iron Works.Lolu hlobo lomshini oyisicefe, olusebenza ngesondo lamanzi, lufakwe ithuluzi ekupheleni kwe-axis yalo ende, futhi ithuluzi lingazungeziswa kusilinda ukuze licubungule indilinga yalo yangaphakathi.Njengoba ithuluzi lifakwe ekugcineni kwe-shaft ende, kuzoba nezinkinga ezifana nokuphambuka kwe-shaft, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu umshini wesilinda esiyindilinga ngempela.Kuze kube sekugcineni, uSmithton kwadingeka ashintshe isikhundla se-cylinder izikhathi eziningana ukuze kusetshenziswe imishini.
Umshini oyisicefe owasungulwa uWilkinson ngo-1774 wadlala indima enkulu kule nkinga.Lolu hlobo lomshini oyisicefe lusebenzisa isondo lamanzi ukuzungezisa isilinda esibalulekile bese uliphushela ethuluzini eligxilile phakathi nendawo.Ngenxa yokunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwethuluzi nezinto ezibonakalayo, okubalulekile kubhorekile kumgodi oyisilinda ngokunemba okuphezulu.Ngaleso sikhathi, kwakusetshenziswa umshini oyisicefe ukwenza isilinda onobubanzi obungamasentimitha angu-72 phakathi kogqinsi lohlamvu lwemali luka-sixpence.Uma kulinganiswa nobuchwepheshe besimanje, lokhu kuyiphutha elikhulu, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo zangaleso sikhathi, kwakungelula ukufinyelela kuleli zinga.
Kodwa-ke, ukusungulwa kuka-Wilkinson akuzange kube nelungelo lobunikazi, futhi abantu bakukopisha futhi bakufaka.Ngo-1802, u-Watt wabhala nangokusungulwa kuka-Wilkinson, akukopisha emisebenzini yakhe yensimbi ye-Soho.Kamuva, lapho uWatt enza amasilinda namapiston enjini yesitimu, wasebenzisa nalo mshini omangalisayo kaWilkinson.Kwavela ukuthi i-piston kungenzeka ukukala usayizi ngenkathi uyisika, kodwa akulula kakhulu ku-cylinder, futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe umshini oyisicefe.Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Watt wayesebenzisa isondo lamanzi ukuze ajikelezise isilinda sensimbi, ukuze ithuluzi eliphakathi nendawo eligxilile liphushelwe phambili ukuze lisike ingaphakathi lesilinda.Ngenxa yalokho, iphutha lesilinda elinobubanzi obungamasentimitha angu-75 lalingaphansi kobukhulu bohlamvu lwemali.Ithuthuke kakhulu.
4. Ukuzalwa komshini oyisicefe ophakamisa itafula (Hutton, 1885) Emashumini eminyaka alandelayo, ukuthuthukiswa okuningi kwenziwe emshinini ka-Wilkinson oyisicefe.Ngo-1885, u-Hutton e-United Kingdom wenza umshini ophakamisa itafula oyisicefe, osephenduke umfuziselo womshini wesimanje oyisicefe.
3. Umshini wokugaya
Ngekhulu le-19, abaseBrithani basungula umshini oyisicefe kanye neplanethi yezidingo zenguquko yezimboni ezifana nenjini yesitimu, kuyilapho amaMelika egxile ekusungulweni komshini wokugaya ukuze akhiqize inani elikhulu lezikhali.Umshini wokugaya ungumshini onama-milling cutters ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, ongasika ama-workpieces anomumo okhethekile, njengama-helical grooves, ama-gear shapes, njll.
Kusukela ngo-1664, usosayensi waseBrithani uHook wadala umshini wokusika ngokuthembela kubasiki abayiziyingi abajikelezayo.Lokhu kungabhekwa njengomshini wokuqala wokugaya, kodwa ngaleso sikhathi umphakathi awuzange uphendule ngentshiseko.Ngawo-1840, uPratt waklama lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umshini wokugaya iLincoln.Yebo, lowo owasungula ngempela isimo semishini yokugaya ekwenziweni kwemishini kwakunguWhitney waseMelika.
1. Umshini wokuqala ojwayelekile wokugaya (Whitney, 1818) Ngo-1818, uWhitney wenza umshini wokugaya wokuqala owejwayelekile emhlabeni, kodwa ilungelo lobunikazi lomshini wokugaya kwakuyiBritish Bodmer (enethuluzi lokuphakela).Umsunguli we-gantry planer) "wathola" ngo-1839. Ngenxa yezindleko eziphakeme zemishini yokugaya, babengebaningi abantu ababenesithakazelo ngaleso sikhathi.
2. Umshini wokuqala wokugaya osebenza emhlabeni wonke (Brown, 1862) Ngemva kwenkathi yokuthula, umshini wokugaya waqala ukusebenza futhi e-United States.Ngokuphambene, uWhitney noPratt kungathiwa kuphela babeke isisekelo sokusungulwa nokusebenzisa umshini wokugaya, futhi udumo lokusungula umshini wokugaya ongasetshenziswa emisebenzini ehlukahlukene efektri kufanele kuthiwe unjiniyela waseMelika. UJoseph Brown.
Ngo-1862, uBrown e-United States wakhiqiza umshini wokugaya wokuqala emhlabeni wonke, okuwuhlelo olusha lwenkathi enkulu ekuhlinzekweni kwama-universal indexing discs kanye nezisiki zokugaya ezibanzi.Ithebula lomshini wokugaya jikelele lingazungezisa i-engeli ethile endaweni evundlile, futhi linezinsiza ezifana nekhanda lokugaya ekugcineni.“Umshini wakhe wokugaya osebenza emhlabeni wonke” waba yimpumelelo enkulu lapho ukhonjiswa embukisweni waseParis ngo-1867. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uBrown wabuye waklama umshini wokusika omise okwenzeke ngemva kokugaya, wabe esekhiqiza umshini wokugaya. umsiki, ukuletha umshini wokugaya ezingeni lamanje.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jun-02-2022